Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) (NT)

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are signaling molecules that recognize different microbial products during infection and serve as an important link between the innate and adaptive immune responses (1-3). These proteins act through adaptor molecules such as MyD88 and TIRAP to activate various kinases and transcription factors such as Protein Kinase C (PKC) α/β and NF-κB (4-6). Studies with TLR4-deficient mice indicate that the main ligand for TLR is lipopolysaccharide. Consequently, these mice also showed increased susceptibility to Gram-negative sepsis (7).