HNEJ-1 Monoclonal Antibody (Clone IG10)

4-hydroxy Nonenal (4-HNE) is a lipid peroxidation product that reacts with lysine, cysteine, or histidine residues in proteins.{68416} It is found in all tissues and serum, and the formation of 4-HNE-modified proteins is associated with oxidative stress. 4-HNE can ligate to and inactivate cytosolic and mitochondrial proteins, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction, loss of cell proliferation and differentiation, increased intracellular calcium levels and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and apoptosis. 4-HNE levels are negatively regulated by aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs), glutathione-S-transferases (GSTs), and aldo-keto reductases (AKRs). Increased levels of 4-HNE protein adducts are found at the cell membrane, in the mitochondria, and in the cytosol during ferroptosis in vitro.{68417} 4-HNE reduces mitochondrial oxygen consumption and membrane potential, as well as increases intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), in vitro.{68418} 4-HNE protein adducts increase in an age-related manner in the kidney, spleen, ovary, and uterus, but not the liver, in rats.{68417} 4-HNE protein adducts are increased and GST levels are decreased in the brain of older mice in a Tg2576 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, and increased levels of 4-HNE-modified proteins, including manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), ?-enolase, and malate dehydrogenase, are found in the inferior parietal lobule in postmortem brain from patients with early Alzheimer's disease.{68419,68420} HNEJ-1 has high affinity for 4-HNE modifications at lysine, cysteine, or histidine residues, whereas HNEJ-2-5 have varying affinities for lysine and cysteine adducts.{68421} Cayman's HNEJ-1 Monoclonal Antibody (Clone IG10) can be used for immunofluorescence (IF), immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunoprecipitation (IP), and Western blot (WB) applications.