Pseudoginsenoside F11

Pseudoginsenoside F11 is an ocotillol-type ginsenoside that has been found in P. ginseng and has diverse biological activities.{54075,54076,54077,54078} In vivo, pseudoginsenoside F11 (10 mg/kg) prevents tubular cell apoptosis, decreases in renal glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, and increases in renal lipid peroxide levels in a rat model of nephrotoxicity induced by cisplatin (Item No. 13119).{54075} It reduces infarct size, brain water content, and cortical accumulation of autophagosomes in a rat model of ischemic stroke induced by permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion.{54076} Pseudoginsenoside F11 (4 and 8 mg/kg) inhibits morphine-induced memory impairment in the Morris water maze and development of morphine-induced conditioned place preference in mice.{54077} It also reduces hippocampal advanced glycation end product (AGE) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, increases hippocampal SOD activity and glutathione (GSH) levels, and attenuates cognitive impairment in the Morris water maze in a mouse model of D-galactose-induced mild cognitive impairment.{54078}