Polygalasaponin F

Polygalasaponin F is a triterpenoid saponin originally isolated from Polygala japonica and has diverse biological activities.{52413,52414,52415} It inhibits LPS-induced increases in TNF-a and nitric oxide (NO) production, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) levels, and nuclear translocation of NF-kB p65 in BV-2 microglia when used at concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 10 ?M.{52413} Polygalasaponin F (0.1, 1, and 10 ?M) inhibits rotenone-induced increases in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, decreases in mitochondrial membrane potential, and induction of apoptosis in PC12 cells.{52414} Intracerebroventricular administration of polygalasaponin F (1 and 10 ?M) induces long-term potentiation in the hippocampal dentate gyrus in anesthetized rats, an effect that can be prevented by the NMDA receptor inhibitor MK-801 or the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMKII) inhibitor KN-93 (Item Nos. 13319 | 13864 | 21472).{52415}