Ginsenoside CK

Ginsenoside CK is a metabolite of the saponin ginsenoside Rb1 (Item No. 15319) that has diverse biological activities.{52367,52368,52369,52370} Ginsenoside CK is formed from ginsenoside Rb1 via intestinal bacterial exo-B-D-glucosidase.{52367} It reduces protein levels of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and pro-MMP-9 in, and inhibits growth, adhesion, and invasion of, MHCC97-H human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HCCs) when used at concentrations of 50 and 75 µM.{52368} It inhibits metastasis in an MHCC97-H mouse xenograft model but does not reduce tumor growth. Ginsenoside CK reduces the percentage of memory B cells in the spleen, the number of swollen joints, and lymph node hyperplasia in an adjuvant-induced model of rheumatoid arthritis.{52369} It increases the activity of pSer9-glycogen synthase kinase and insulin degrading enzyme (IDE) and reduces the accumulation of amyloid-B (1-42) (AB42; Item No. 20574) in the rat hippocampal CA1 and CA3 regions in a model of vascular dementia induced by chronic cerebral hypofusion.{52370} It also increases the percentage of time spent in the target quadrant of the Morris water maze when administered at doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg in the same model.