4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic Acid

4,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (4,5-DCQA) is a polyphenol originally isolated from G. fagetorum and G. pseudomollugo that has diverse biological activities, including anti-HIV replication, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-melanogenic properties.{48456,36685,43194,48457,47056} It inhibits HIV-1 integrase 3' end processing, 3’ end joining, and disintegration with IC50 values of 0.13, 0.24, and 0.3 ?g/ml, respectively.{43194} It also inhibits HIV-1 replication in MT-2 T lymphoblastoid cells with an EC50 value of 2 ?g/ml. 4,5-DCQA scavenges 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH; Item No. 14805) radicals in a cell-free assay (IC50 = 19.8 ?M) and inhibits superoxide production in human neutrophils activated by N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLF; Item No. 21495) and cytochalasin B (Item No. 11328; IC50 = 1.49 ?M).{36685} It decreases prostaglandin E2 (PGE2; Item No. 14010) production in LPS-stimulated U937 cells when used at concentrations of 5 and 10 µg/ml but increases it when used at 200 µg/ml and increases production of TNF-a at concentrations ranging from 5 to 200 µg/ml.{48457} It inhibits the synthesis of MCP3 in U937 cells. 4,5-DCQA (25 µM) inhibits melanogenesis by 84% and decreases the levels of proteins involved in melanin biosynthesis, including tyrosinase, TRP-1, DCT, and MITF in B16F1 murine melanocytes.{47056}