3-Hydroxyisobutyrate (sodium salt)

3-Hydroxyisobutyrate (3-HIB) is an intermediate in the metabolism of the branched-chain amino acid valine that is secreted by skeletal muscle.{45049,43558} It dose-dependently increases fatty acid uptake by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) when used at concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 100 mM.{43558} 3-HIB also increases fatty acid uptake and lipid accumulation in mouse skeletal muscle when administered in drinking water. The levels of 3-HIB in muscle are increased in db/db diabetic mice and in humans with diabetes. Human plasma levels are increased in obesity and correlate with a future risk of type 2 diabetes.{43559} In addition, human serum levels of 3-HIB decrease by 2.5-fold immediately following an exercise regimen of 2.5 hours of running for three days.{45049}