(+-)-Lisofylline (LSF) is a potent anti-inflammatory agent in which only the (-) optical isomer is biologically active.{17416,18148} LSF inhibits the generation of phosphatidic acid (IC50 = 0.6 µM) from cytokine-activated lysophosphatidic acyl transferase (LPAAT), which has been shown to protect mice from endotoxic shock.{17415} LSF suppresses the production of the proinflammatory cytokine IFN-y, inhibits IL-12-mediated STAT-4 activation, and enhances glucose-stimulated B-cell insulin secretion, reducing the onset of diabetes in a non-obese diabetic mouse model.{17416,17414}